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Sem Paths to Networks Westland
A critical survey of the history, methods, and practical application of structural equation modeling, guiding researchers from the origins of path analysis to the future of network science.
A profile of this book is on the way.
What it’s about
This book provides a comprehensive and critical guide to the world of structural equation modeling (SEM) for researchers and doctoral students. It traces the evolution of path analysis methodologies from their roots in genetics with Sewall Wright, through the divergent developments of the Scandinavian school (PLS-PA, LISREL) and the Chicago school (systems of regression equations). The author demystifies the statistical underpinnings of each approach, highlighting their unique strengths, weaknesses, and the often-misrepresented controversies surrounding them. It offers indispensable practical advice on crucial research design aspects, including data collection, calculating adequate sample size, and the proper treatment of survey data, particularly the pitfalls of Likert scales. By equipping readers with a deep understanding of the assumptions and limitations of these powerful tools, the book aims to prevent common errors and elevate the quality of quantitative research, ultimately showing how the path-based thinking of SEM is merging into the broader, more powerful domain of network analysis.
The through-line
- Who it’s for
- A quantitative social science researcher or doctoral student who needs to test complex theoretical models involving unobservable concepts like 'trust' or 'satisfaction'. They want to produce rigorous, defensible, and publishable findings.
- The problem
- The researcher is confronted with a confusing landscape of SEM methodologies (PLS-PA, LISREL, etc.) and software, each with conflicting claims, arcane assumptions, and inadequate guidance on critical issues like sample size calculation and handling survey data. They feel uncertain about their methodological choices, anxious that their results might be invalid or rejected by reviewers, and fearful of inadvertently contributing to the proliferation of 'bad science'.
- The plan
- Understand the historical context and statistical underpinnings of different SEM methods.
- Learn the specific strengths and weaknesses of PLS-PA, LISREL, and Systems of Regression to choose the right tool for your research.
- Master the principles of calculating adequate sample size and properly handling Likert scale data.
- Adopt a rigorous paradigm for model specification, testing, and interpretation.
- See how path modeling is evolving into the broader science of network analysis.
- The payoff
- The researcher confidently designs robust studies, justifies their methodological choices, and produces valid, defensible results. · Their work is published in high-impact journals and contributes meaningfully to their field. · They are recognized as a methodologically rigorous and thoughtful scholar.
See our guide
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Additional reading
- The Organism · Kurt Goldstein
Maslow sources the term 'self-actualization' from Goldstein and builds upon his holistic view of the organism.
- Explorations in Personality · H. A. Murray, et al.
Cited as providing an 'excellent discussion' on the basic principle of centering motivation theory on goals rather than instigation or behavior.
- Social Interest · Alfred Adler
Maslow credits Adler and his followers for stressing the importance of the 'esteem needs,' which he felt were neglected by Freudian psychoanalysts.
- Wisdom of the Body · W. B. Cannon
Provides the foundational concept of 'homeostasis,' which Maslow uses as the starting point for his discussion of physiological needs.
- Multipliers · Liz Wiseman
Explores how leaders can either amplify ('multiply') or diminish ('diminish') the intelligence and capabilities of their teams, a key concept for creating a positive, low-anxiety environment.
- The Fearless Organization · Amy Edmondson
Provides the foundational research and practical steps for creating psychological safety, which the book identifies as crucial for reducing interpersonal anxiety and encouraging people to speak up.
- Mindset · Carol Dweck
Explains the difference between a 'growth mindset' and a 'fixed mindset,' which is presented as a key tool for helping employees manage perfectionism and see failures as learning opportunities.
- Crucial Conversations · Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, et al.
Recommended as a resource for employees to learn how to navigate difficult, high-stakes conversations, directly addressing the book's theme of moving from conflict avoidance to healthy debate.
- Better Allies · Karen Catlin
The author is quoted on specific, actionable steps for allyship, making her book a practical guide for implementing the principles in Chapter 7.
- Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People · Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald
Explains the science of implicit bias, which is central to the book's argument that leaders need to be proactive allies because 'not being racist/sexist' isn't enough.